Which complication is characterized by fluid buildup in the peritoneal cavity?

The presence of fluid buildup in the peritoneal cavity is definitively termed ascites. This condition often arises as a consequence of liver disease, particularly cirrhosis, where hepatic pressure increases due to portal hypertension. As the liver becomes increasingly dysfunctional, the synthesis of albumin decreases, contributing to fluid accumulation due to the inability to maintain adequate oncotic pressure within the vascular system. Ascites manifests as abdominal swelling and discomfort, and it can lead to further complications such as infection or respiratory distress if not managed properly.

In contrast, hepatic encephalopathy relates to changes in mental status caused by the accumulation of toxins that the liver cannot adequately filter. Esophageal varices are enlarged veins in the esophagus that develop due to increased pressure in the portal vein system but do not directly cause fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity. Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder and is typically associated with gallstones, not fluid accumulation in the peritoneum.