Which of the following is a risk factor for hepatobiliary diseases?

Excessive alcohol consumption is a significant risk factor for hepatobiliary diseases because it can lead to a range of liver pathologies, including alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and eventually cirrhosis. The liver metabolizes alcohol, and excessive intake can overwhelm its capacity to process this toxin, causing inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell damage. Over time, this can lead to chronic liver injury and complications that significantly impact liver function.

Regular exercise, high vegetable consumption, and low saturated fat intake are generally associated with better health outcomes. They can contribute to a reduced risk of liver disease by promoting a healthier weight, improving metabolic health, and reducing the risk of conditions such as fatty liver disease, which can be exacerbated by poor lifestyle choices. Therefore, these factors do not carry the same level of risk for hepatobiliary diseases as excessive alcohol consumption does.